File transfer over the network using FTP protocol (defined by RFC 959 and later additions) takes roots in year 1980, when the first RFC for FTP protocol was published. FTP provides functions to upload, download and delete files, create and delete directories, read directory contents. While FTP is very popular, it has certain disadvantages that make it harder to use. The major drawbacks are lack of the uniform format for directory listing (this problem has been partially solved by introducing MLST command, but it's not supported by some servers) and presence of the secondary connection (DATA connection). Security in FTP is provided by employing SSL/TLS protocol for channel encryption as defined in RFC 2228. The secured version of FTP is called FTPS.

In UNIX systems another security standard has grown. It was SSH family of protocols. The primary function of SSH was to secure remote shell access to UNIX systems. Later SSH was extended with file transfer protocol - first SCP (in SSH 1.x), then SFTP (in SSH2). Version 1 of the SSH protocol is outdated, insecure and generally not recommended for use. Consequently SCP is not used anymore and SFTP gains popularity day by day.

"SFTP" abbreviation is often mistakenly used to specify some kind of Secure FTP, by which people most often mean FTPS. Another (similar) mistake is that SFTP is thought to be some kind of FTP over SSL. In fact SFTP is an abbreviation of "SSH File Transfer Protocol". This is not FTP over SSL and not FTP over SSH (which is also technically possible, but very rare).

SFTP is a binary protocol, the latest version of which is standardized in RFC 4253. All commands (requests) are packed to binary messages and sent to the server, which replies with binary reply packets. In later versions SFTP has been extended to provide not just file upload/download operations, but also some file-system operations, such as file lock, symbolic link creation etc.

Both FTPS and SFTP use a combination of asymmetric algorithm (RSA, DSA), symmetric algorithm (DES/3DES, AES, Twhofish etc.) and a key-exchange algorithm. For authentication FTPS (or, to be more precise, SSL/TLS protocol under FTP) uses X.509 certificates, while SFTP (SSH protocol) uses SSH keys.

X.509 certificates include the public key and certain information about the certificate owner. This information lets the other side verify the integrity of the certificate itself and authenticity of the certificate owner. Verification can be done both by computer and to some extent by the human. X.509 certificate has an associated private key, which is usually stored separately from the certificate for security reasons.

SSH key contains only a public key (the associated private key is stored separately). It doesn't contain any information about the owner of the key. Neither it contains information that lets one reliably validate the integrity and authenticity. Some SSH software implementations use X.509 certificates for authentication, but in fact they don't validate the whole certificate chain - only the public key is used (which makes such authentication incomplete and similar to SSH key authentication).

Here's the brief list of Pros and Cons of the two protocols:

FTPS

Pros: * Widely known and used * The communication can be read and understood by the human * Provides services for server-to-server file transfer * SSL/TLS has good authentication mechanisms (X.509 certificate features) * FTP and SSL/TLS support is built into many internet communication frameworks.

Cons: * Doesn't have a uniform directory listing format * Requires a secondary DATA channel, which makes it hard to use behind the firewalls * Doesn't define a standard for file name character sets (encodings) * Not all FTP servers support SSL/TLS * Doesn't have a standard way to get and change file and directory attributes

SFTP

Pros: * Has good standards background which strictly defines most (if not all) aspects of operations * Has only one connection (no need for DATA connection) * The connection is always secured * The directory listing is uniform and machine-readable * The protocol includes operations for permission and attribute manipulation, file locking and more functionality

Cons: * The communication is binary and can't be logged "as is" for human reading * SSH keys are harder to manage and validate * The standards define certain things as optional or recommended, which leads to certain compatibility problems between different software titles from different vendors. * No server-to-server copy and recursive directory removal operations * No built-in SSH/SFTP support in VCL and .NET frameworks

What to choose

As usually, the answer depends on what your goals and requirements are. In general, SFTP is technologically superior to FTPS. Of course, it's a good idea to implement support for both protocols, but they are different in concepts, in supported commands and in many other things.

It's a good idea to use FTPS when you have a server that needs to be accessed from personal devices (smartphones, PDAs etc.) or from some specific operating systems which have FTP support but don't have SSH / SFTP clients. If you are building a custom security solution, SFTP is probably the better option.

As for the client side, the requirements are defined by the server(s) that you plan to connect to. When connecting to Internet servers, SFTP is more popular because it's supported by Linux and UNIX servers by default.

For private host-to-host transfer you can use both SFTP and FTPS. For FTPS you would need to search for a free FTPS client and server software or purchase a license for commercial one. For SFTP support you can install OpenSSH package, which provides free client and server software.

Developer tools

If you are a software developer and need to implement file transfer capability in your application, you will be searching for the components to do the job.

In .NET you have built-in support for FTPS in .NET Framework (see FtpWebRequest class). However functionality of this class is severely limited, especially in SSL/TLS control aspect. .NET Framework doesn't include any support for SSH or SFTP.

In VCL you have a selection of free components and libraries which provide FTP functionality. When you add OpenSSL to them, you can get FTPS for free. If you don't want to deal with OpenSSL DLLs, you can use one of the commercially available libraries for SSL and FTPS support. Again, there are no freeware SFTP components available for VCL.

If you use a tool with which you have to use ActiveX controls, you need to search for commercial FTPS or SFTP controls. No free controls are available.

About the Author

Eugene Mayevski takes a post of Chief Technical Officer in EldoS Corporation (www.eldos.com), the company that specializes in development of security and low-level system components for software developers.